Their story
Native Americans are very similar to the Mongols who live in Asia, this is because the present Bering Strait did not exist and Asia and America, being attached to each other, thus allowing these people staring at their transit stay in Canada first and then the United States. Their first contacts with the rest of the world, dating back some 1,100 years after Christ, are the Vikings have the honor of meeting the first to this new breed. But the turning point in their life and takes place in 1492, when Christopher Columbus, who hoped to reach Indies, landed on their shores, and so new calls these people "Indians." A few years later, starting the first European expedition to explore the new continent, and thus the colonization of the eastern United States and Canada resulting in the beginning of the clashes undermined with the tribes in those lands. In 1755 the British and the French start a war to have the Ohio Valley. Even the Indians are involved in this war, the Iroquois allied with the British, while the Algonquins allied themselves with the French. The war ended in 1763 (it will be called the Seven Years' War ") with the victory of the English signed the Treaty of Paris. In 1763 Parliament grants to Native the right to remain on the lands not yet disposed of and ensure peace for their people. But around 1770, the Iroquois were forced to sign the treaty that obliges Stanwick to move further west and to abandon the lands where they had always lived. The European settlers in the territories of Native and expand, breaking the Treaty of 1763, expelling the Delaware and Shawnee, by going against the British who were in favor of an alliance with the Natives. In subsequent years, the continuing wars between the British and Americans, to which the Natives are taking part, but when born in 1787 the United States, for all Indian tribes is the beginning of the end. The first president of Washington, began a war against the Indians leading the Battle of Fallen Timbers, where the Indians suffered a strong defeat at the hands of the American army led by Gen. Waine, aided by the treachery of the English that, at first, they promised their help. In August 1795, the Shawnee and Miami tribes, were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, by which lose about 60,000 square kilometers of their territory. E 'in the light of these events Tecumseh, now a young leader of the Shawnee tribe, began a long journey across North America, with the aim of persuading the other leaders to create an Indian state in which all the tribes together prove . But meanwhile, the white man continues to want to expand, and so you get to 1830 where the U.S. Congress voted a decree, the "Indian Removal Act, under which the tribes of the south-east are forced to leave their lands and move west of the Great Mississippi River. Between 1850 and 1853 the tribes of 'West Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Apache and Comanche, convinced that the army will protect them from the pioneers, sign treaties for the construction of roads and strong in their territories. The answer is always the same: the military and pioneers invade the territories, relegating the tribes in areas too low. Thus began a period in which the Indians, are notable for a series of attacks against both the army against the pioneers. In 1858, the Mexicans are killing the family of Geronimo, who swore eternal hatred nei loro confronti, inizia la battaglia di uno dei più famosi e terribili capi della storia. Viene catturato e rinchiuso nella riserva di San Carlos, da cui riesce a fuggire e scatenare l'inferno nel sud-ovest; viene ripreso ma riesce a fuggire ancora dalla riserva; dopo anni di battaglie, stanco di combattere si arrende e chiede una riserva nelle terre d'origine per il suo popolo. Finisce la sua vita come attrazione in uno spettacolo itinerante. Fra il 1862 e il 1868, nonostante sia in corso la Guerra di Secessione, il gen Carleton e Kit Carson attaccano i Navaho che si rifiutano di trasferirsi in una riserva ad est del New Mexico. Dopo anni di lotte, stremata dalla fame e dalla malattia, la tribù accetta il trasferimento. Lo stesso trattamento fu riservato the Apache, with their heads red sleeves and Cochise, before giving up, for a few years spread terror massacres in the past to history. In 1864 the Cheyenne attacked a freight train. The col. Chivington attacks as a response to the village of Sand Creek, despite the Indians expose the white flag in surrender. In the massacre did not even spare women and children. The Sioux led by Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, to avenge Sand Creek, attract in an ambush in the regiment of the army and kill everyone. Followed by a series of clashes with losses on both sides, but highlighting the strategy, the value and courage of the two Sioux chiefs. In 1868, the Cheyenne of Pot Black, who had survived at Sand Creek e si era battuto per la pace fra bianchi e Indiani,vengono attaccati di sorpresa da Custer sul Washita River: è un'altra strage. Nel 1872 sono i Modoc a fuggire da una riserva in cui erano stati confinati assieme ai Klamath con i quali non erano in buoni rapporti. Guidati da Kintpuash(Captain Jack),raggiungono le loro terre sui Lava Beds. Grazie all'astuzia del loro capo e al territorio impervio, resistono a lungo all'inseguimento degli Americani,costringendoli ad una delle guerre più dure e costose. Kintpuash viene catturato e impiccato. Il 1876 è un anno importantissimo nella storia dei Nativi. I Sioux di Toro Seduto e Cavallo Pazzo,si uniscono ai Cheyenne di Due Lune, e tengono una grande cerimonia chiamata "Danza del Sole" sulle rive del fiume Rosebud. Dopo qualche giorno vengono attaccati dalle truppe del gen Crook, ma dopo uno scontro durissimo Cavallo Pazzo e i suoi uomini resistono e hanno la meglio. Viene successivamente ordinato al gen. Custer, di andare in avanscoperta, ma quest'ultimo senza aspettare i rinforzi decide di attaccare . Toro Seduto fa evacuare l'accampamento,ordinando ai suoi uomini di lasciare accesi i fuochi e di nascondersi sulle colline circostanti pronti per l'attacco. Custer è convinto di prendere gli Indiani di sorpresa e lancia il suo settimo reggimento di cavalleria contro l'accampamento, ma quando si accorge che è vuoto, i guerrieri indiani escono dalle colline e per lui non c'è speranza. Questa è la vittoria più importante nella storia dei Nativi. Nel 1877 including the Nez Perce were forced to leave their land in the Wallowa Valley, and moved into a reserve, a part of the tribe did not accept and gives the army pursued fleeing. Thus began a long march by the Natives, led by Chief Joseph, during which successive clashes with the U.S. Army, and brings them to reach the camp of Sitting Bull Canada.Nel in 1878, after the Battle of Little Big Horn, the Cheyenne and Arapaho agree to go live on reservations, with the promise of the American government to be able to return to their lands if the reservation was not to their liking. Of course, the subject turns out to dry and no game to hunt, and led by Native Knife Spuntato e Piccolo Lupo, iniziano una fuga per poter tornare nelle loro terre, che porterà ad ottenere una riserva nelle loro terre, dopo anni di scontri e numerose perdite di uomini. Il 12 dicembre del 1890, l'esercito si reca a casa di Toro Seduto per arrestarlo. Soltanto dopo tre giorni i soldati riescono ad entrare nella casa difesa dai guerrieri fedeli al loro capo;Toro Seduto cade ferito mentre Red Tomahawk gli infligge il colpo di grazia. Sempre nel 1890 il settimo reggimento di cavalleria, raggruppa i Sioux a Wounded Knee Creek con l'intento di trasferirli verso altre riserve. A causa di qualche scontro, i soldati aprono il fuoco e alla fine uccidono più di trecento tra uomini,donne e bambini. Fra il 1891 e il 1898 tutti i Nativi vengono relegati per sempre in reserves, with the exception of the Chippewa that give rise to a rebellion that ends in a bloodbath. From 1900 onwards, associations are born sensitive to the problems of the Indians who seek to preserve the culture and the lives of people in the reserves and in 1934 founded the Indian Reorganization Act, with which the Indians manage to get some right in and see more increase territories at their disposal.
Clan affiliation: Firebird
LUNA COLLECTION OF BERRIES
lives in the salt waters of the sea but swim up the river, moving upstream to lay its eggs in fresh water. For Native Americans, the sturgeon is the king of the waters and represents the strength of emozioni.Estroverso,affascinante e generoso, il nato sotto questo segno, si muove sempre con eccessiva sicurezza e spavalderia.Coraggioso, determinato e sincero oltre ogni limite, preferisce battersi piuttosto che lasciarsi intralciare.Non riflette molto prima di agire, e questo può essere fonte di problemi nella vita relazionale tanto che i suoi rapporti sociali sono contraddittori: autoritario e intollerante quando si tratta di sottomettere, diventa indisciplinato e ribelle se è lui a doversi piegare. E' un tipo coraggioso, ma a volte combatte per cause perse, sprecando tempo.In amore è fedele, ha molto fascino e ama essere corteggiato.
Usi e costumi
Il copricapo piumatoè l'immagine che simboleggia questa terra.L 'Native American is the man who in time, has been shaped by the same hand that created the mountains, forests, meadows and rivers. This land is his, whether it be the region of forests, plains, pueblos, or mesas of. At one time this man grew and lived freely, as the horses on the plains or buffalo. This man approached her existence in a way that led to a deep and total love for nature, a respect for life, a deep faith in the Supreme Power, and principles such as honesty, truth, generosity, brotherhood and justice.
The campfire was the center of social life. Was lit in the middle of the open space reserved for the dance, and intorno ad esso si radunavano le tribù vestite a festa. I vecchi parlavano del tempo passato e i guerrieri narravano le loro avventure mentre i bambini ascoltavano in religioso silenzio.Le donne, di solito, sedevano anche loro nello spiazzo, ma dal lato opposto a quello occupato dagli uomini.
La tribù era il legame più importante per gli indiani. Era guidata da un capo al quale era affidato il compito di organizzare la vita nel villaggio. Della tribù facevano parte indiani appartenenti ad un unico ceppo familiare, che occupavano un territorio, cioè il luogo dove essi vivevano per determinati periodi. Nessuno di loro si considerava padrone del territorio, perchè per loro la terra andava rispettata in quanto era fonte di ricchezza e of life for the tribe and because it was widespread in the power of the Great Spirit. When the land was not fertile or the game was scarce, the tribe was trying to inhabit the territory of another village. All within the tribe had to play a role: men ocuupavano hunting, the women of the household chores, the children attended to their horses and older children told stories of their ancestors.
The medicine man, witch doctor also said, was the most respected man of the tribe, because he was reserved the task of attracting the goodwill of the spirits and cure malati.Doveva interpret the dreams that each person of the tribe was and these dreams were captured by Dreamcatcher, the ones that imprisoned lasciavono free of evil spirits and those spirits benigni.La medicine wheel represents the circle of life and its evolversi.La cross placed inside it, representing the four winds, four seasons of nature and life man and the four directions.
The totem or "pole signs", is the insignia of the tribe, the family or the head of tribù.Le wings, tells us that angels are covered by a corpo.Sul are always carved totem animals that serve to attracting the positive qualities of the animals represented:
eagle: the divine power, why is the animal that flies higher and is therefore close to the great spirit. meaning = you win your paure.falco: is the messenger, who tells us. meaning = assess the situation more punti.farfalla: is the transformation of the soul, calls for change. meaning = put in order, rinnovarsi.cavallo: represents the otherworldly power, freedom. meaning = thing of the past (past lives), wisdom, amore.formica: example of animal strongly committed to the common cause. = trust profonda.alce meaning: it represents the self-respect, strength and pride. meaning = guts and evaluate risultati.bisonte: it is the abundance of the invocations and prayers have been heard all meaning = you can have with the help of the Great Spirito.lupo: represents the balance between personal needs and those of the family. Loyalty to the group. meaning = hunting and harmony with the group.
messages and writing: the warriors of the prairies, communicated with the smoke and could send a message to many miles away defying the speed with which the whites will transmit the information through the "wireless speakers." Another type signaling is using the mirror, often used in combattimenti.Indiani of different tribes converse with each other to segni.Chi was able to express themselves with signs, informed the stories and concepts more complicated complicati.Il language gestures was not more than an ideographic script translated into gesti.Gli Indians had no alphabet, because writing means of ideographs, which sometimes were engraved on copper, but also on bark and animal skins.
hunting: living in perfect harmony with nature, the Indian knew the direction of the birds and animals and imitating them to perfection. The hunt was not conceived as a fun, but as a necessity of life, because with it the Indians would buy the food and clothing for their families. "When multitudes of buffalo ran through the meadows, the Indian does not kill most of those were enough to feed themselves, even using the hair and bones." Cape Bear Resistente.Da what we understand why, because of the constant movement delle mandrie di bisonti, l'indiani delle praterie fossero popolazioni nomadi. Soggetti a continui spostamenti, avevano bisogno di montare e smontare continuamente la loro abitazione.Questa abitazione era il tepee: il cui nome deriva da due parole:
TE = abitare - PEE = usata per
Il tepee era fatto di pelli di bisonte conciate e aveva una forma conica verso l'alto. Le pelli erano sistemate su pali e tagliate per creare l'ingresso ma anche per fare uscire il fumo del fuoco che veniva usato all'interno. Queste aperture potevano essere rapidamente chiuse in caso di maltempo. Nel tepee vivevano tutti i membri della stessa famiglia. Lo spazio davanti alla porta doveva rimanere sempre libero. Gli ospiti erano sempre ben accetti, anche perchè onoravano i hosts.
The sacred pipe was used during the ceremonies because he was considered a sacred object. When the Council of the tribe gathered or received a visitor, the calumet was passed among those present who desired a breath, a sign of peace. The Calumet had a long tube, from which hung four tapes, each a different color, each representing a cardinal point:
Black - West: from where comes the pioggia.Rosso - North: Where the wind comes purifica.Bianco - East: from the rising of the sole.Giallo - South: where it comes from the flowering season (summer), the force that makes it grow.
The mouthpiece was covered with buffalo leather and straw hung an eagle feather, who was to represent the desire to fly high in their thoughts.
The body paint was used by Indians to defend themselves from cold, wind, sunburn and insect bites. Used usually in bright colors obtained by mixing animal fat and some coloring: Dark red: special clay with oxide ferroVerde: decoction of various pianteNero: coal obtained from wood or animal bones and gall bisonteBianco: gessoIl Indian warrior was a skilled fighter and physically prepared. The young warrior, had to face the fatigue without complaining. Athlete and had to be ready to forgo anything. He must be able to march without food or water for two or three days, or run for a day and a night without stopping. He must be able to cross paths with an area without you, without losing your way day or night. The Indians used various weapons in combat, weapons that have undergone some changes after the arrival of whites. The tomahawk was a small dark warriors wore hanging from his belt, keeping it ready for battle. This weapon was the symbol of war and every tribe had a sacred, which was underground in times of peace and unearthed when the tribe went to war. The spear was another very common weapon, and was nothing but a wooden pole to whose end was a bit of chipped stone, or after the arrival of man white iron. The insertion of the tip tied the scalps of slain enemies. Even bows and arrows were widely used, although not bring much honor because it allows to kill the enemy from afar. However, it became necessary to fight the white man who could dispose of the gun. There were two types of arrows: one kind of fighters and a type of war. The first could be recovered and reused, while the latter had provided the tip of many little hooks and secured so that comes off easily, so when the enemy was trying to extract the arrow, the tip remained inside the wound or by creating infection by changing the cut . The shield was constructed by taking the neck skin of the buffalo and bring it closer to the fire, che scaldandola la rendeva ancora più dura.
La guerra non era vista dagli indiani come un mezzo tramite il quale si potesse conquistare un territorio, perchè la terra era di tutti e non poteva essere nè comprata nè conquistata. Era soprattutto un modo per dimostrare il proprio coraggio e di sfidare la morte. Non si affrontavano mai per dichiarare la guerra, ma bastava che un indiano compisse un'incursione in un altro accampamento, per scatenare la risposta della tribù offesa. Gli scontri seguivano, di solito, un codice d'onore; venivano uccisi gli uomini, ma le donne e i bambini venivano salvaguardati e i tepee non venivano mai distrutti. I metodi di combattimento consistevano nel seguire le piste, riconoscere il nemico dalle tracce that left, how long was spent and where it could be met. It was much more qualified to address all that killing the enemy, to the point that was considered the bravest man who arrived at the center of a village to steal the horse of a famous warrior. The favorite tactic was a surprise, because with it you could also offset the numerical inferiority. The warriors who had to attack, preparing and praying and dancing, usually before dawn, seizing it attacked the enemy by surprise. At the end of the battle, the Indians collected the bodies of comrades to honor and celebrate the funeral. Bring home the scalp of the enemy, was considered a remarkable courage proc. The scalp consisted of an incision around the enemy's head, then with a sharp blow tore the scalp. The warrior who took away the scalp of an enemy, still alive, it acquired a great honor, while the "scalp" if they remained alive, was mocked. But the scalp as well as a symbol of victory, was the life, in fact, the Indians believed that the human spirit is found in the hair and scalp who takes away the spirit takes possession of the enemy. Even this was considered a gesture of great value to help a fellow ferito.Prima beginning your fights, the head of his men on his face smeared a handful of earth, invoking the Great Spirit, and each warrior design which considered good luck with a piece of carbone.Questi disegni dovevano attirare i favori degli spiriti e rendere più cattiva l'immagine del guerriero. Se durante il combattimento, si catturavano dei prigionieri,questi ultimi venivano portati al villaggio. Una volta arrivati, la loro sorte era decisa dal Gran Consiglio. Spesso, se si trattava di donne e bambini, venivano adottati dalla tribù e diventavano come loro.
Le donne non avevano alcun ruolo "politico" all'interno della tribù. Indubbiamente il loro ruolo rivestiva importanza nella gestione della casa, lavoravano le pelli e ornavano i vestiti con frange, piume o crini di cavallo. Tratto da :"Istruzioni a una figlia" - Miti e Leggende degli Indiani d'America ( Fabbri Editori) E' un padre che parla a sua daughter who is growing, it seems interesting to understand what it meant to the woman within the tribe. My daughter, while walking through the path of life, always listen to your parents. Do not let your mother always lavori.Attendi padre.Tutto the needs of your household work belongs to you, cut wood, bring it home, take care of vegetables, gather and prepare to mangiare.Quando spring back to your permanent camp, sowing immediately campi.Non never be lazy, the Creator of the Earth made you to perform these compiti.Se marry a man and want to be sure to keep him, he works for, and the work will always be able to hold your man you. If you work to satisfy your man, they do not mai.Se forsake you get married, stay faithful to your husband, do not act like you're married to different men contemporaneamente.Ogni man you will use as a toy and you giudicherà.Non behave arrogantly towards your husband, whatever he asks you to do, falla.Se have a child, not beat him, but do it fast. When a child is hungry, you'll immediately notice the mistakes of his comportamento.Se hit a child, will only teach them the evil, if you make it more malvagio.Se scold your husband complains that the children do not get on their side because This would make them more cattivi.Non think of doing good for your children taking their part to believe or not to love them, simply dicendo loro di amarli, ma dimostralo con le tue azioni.Fai vedere loro che sei generosa così facendo potranno vedere la tua buona volontà e saranno in grado di giudicare da soli se le tue azioni corrispondono alle tue parole.....
Tratto da :"Donna Lupo di Montagna" - Autobiografia di un'Indiana Winnebago (Bompiani Overlook)
A cura di Nancy Lurie.Titolo originale del 1961: " Mountain Wolf Woman, Sister of Crashing Thunder. The Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian
LUNA DEI GRANDI VENTI
Fra i Pellerossa, il puma è considerato un eroe, un elemento civilizzatore, che trasmette le proprie conoscenze guaritorie in tema di malattie e di rimedi.Simboleggia the figure of the teacher and the wise, in need of long periods of solitude. The teeth provide courage and freedom. Spaces in the big world of imagination and independence. Need freedom and isolation to cultivate your dreams and get in touch with the spirit world. Introverted and sensitive issues is a bit 'novità.Ti like to attract the attention of others if you want to get something you must learn to mark the boundary between dream and realtà.Usa your skills, make them concrete and prevents melancholy and tantrums as they fall when you can not find anything interessante.In love is like a faithful, if not disdain avventure.Dovresti improve relations within society, and the ability to share experiences with others without fear of direct confrontation.
Native American Zodiac astrology
Unlike whites, based on the movement of stars and planets, astrology is based on the Indian land and the creatures that live on it. In our
astrology, the signs are grouped into four elements:
Water - Earth - Fire - Air
of Indian astrology, the signs are grouped into:
Turtle - Butterfly - Firebird - Toad
The signs follow the equinoxes and solstices, are grouped in threes and are influenced by the spirit that protects the 'animal of that time of year.
WABOOSE goes from solstice to invernoall'equinozio primavera.Simboleggia la solitudine.Lo Spirito del Nord proteggeil Bufalo bianco.
WABUN Va dall'equinozio di primaveraal solstizio d'estate.Simboleggia il Risveglio Fisico.Lo Spirito dell'Est proteggel'Aquila.
SHAWNODESE Va dal solstizio d'estateall'equinozio d'autunno.Simboleggia la conoscenza.Lo Spirito del Sud proteggeil Coyote.
MUDJEKEWIS Va dall'equinozio d'autunnoal solstizio d'inverno.Simboleggia la riflessione.Lo Spirito dell'Ovest proteggel'Orso Grizzly.
i Segni dello Zodiaco
Date
i Loro Segni
i Nostri Segni
22 dicembre - 20 gennaio
OCA POLARE
CAPRICORNO
21 gennaio - 20 febbraio
LONTRA
ACQUARIO
21 febbraio - 20 marzo
-PUMA (LUPO)
FISH
March 21-April 20
RED HAWK
ARIES
April 21 to May 20
BEAVER
TORO
May 21-June 20
DEER
GEMINI
June 21-July 22
WOODPECKER
CANCER July 23 to August 22
STURGEON
LEONE
August 23 to September 22
BEAR
VIRGIN
September 23 to October 22
CROW
BALANCE
October 23 to November 21
SNAKE SCORPIO
November 22 to December 21
MOOSE
SAGITTARIUS
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